We venture to say that no other piece of terminology has caused so much contention among booksellers and collectors as that of first edition. In publishing terms, an edition is technically all copies of a book that were printed from the same setting of type and the book is only described as a second edition if substantial changes are made to the copy. However, in collecting terms, a very rough description of first edition would be when it is the first appearance of a work in question.
To shed a little more light, the first time a publisher releases a new book all copies of that book that are printed without major changes can be considered a first edition. If the initial print run of this first edition sells out and the publisher decides to produce a subsequent printing with the same typeset the book would be described as a first edition, second printing. On the other hand, if substantial changes are made to the book after its first printing, perhaps the addition of a chapter or a foreword, then the book would be described as the second edition.
To make matters more confusing, each time a new publisher releases an instance of the same title or a book is released in another format they may also describe their book as a first edition (for instance, the Penguin Classics first edition or the first paperback edition). It is common to see booksellers describe these later first editions as a ‘first edition thus.'
You can now probably understand why there is so much debate about first editions. If there are two or more books described as a first edition, then a collector will want to know which one is superior.
The majority of booksellers and collectors want the ‘true first edition' – the edition of the book that supersedes all other editions chronologically – and sometimes detective work is required to identify the true first.
The confusion around first editions is illustrated by 1984 by George Orwell. The UK hardcover edition published by Secker & Warberg in 1949 is considered the true first edition over the US edition printed by Harcourt Brace in the same year.
However, that UK first edition comes in a red dust jacket and also in a green dust jacket, and no-one seems to know which one was printed first. The general consensus is that the red issue is the true first but no-one has proof.
Identifying a first edition is no simple matter. There are thousands of publishers and they use a large variety of methods, which are often changed, to define first editions.
The publisher may actually state the words ‘first edition' or ‘first printing' on the copyright page. Another common method of identification is the number line – that's a line of numbers on the copyright page. Usually, if a one is present in the line then it's a first edition. This style has been used since World War II.
The line sequence could ascend or descend or even have no discernable order depending on the publisher. All of these sequences below are first editions.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
(All first editions)
Sometimes the number line is also accompanied by the words ‘first edition', but be careful because some publishers leave on the words ‘first edition' even when the book is in its third printing and that fact is reflected in the three in this number line.
First edition
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(Third printing)
This number line below identifies a second printing printed in 1975.
75 76 77 78 79 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
If you find that the date on the copyright page matches the date on the title page, then it is probably a first edition. Most 19th century publishers placed the date of publication on the title page but that practice faded out after 1900 and the date became appearing on the copyright page.
Some publishers make no statement at all about first editions but booksellers learn to identify firsts by other methods – for instance a particular piece of copy on the dust jacket or a mistake in the book's text itself that is corrected in later editions.
We recommend obtaining a guide to first editions. Bill McBride's Pocket Guide to the Indentification of First Editions and the latest edition of Collected Books: The Guide to Identification and Values by Allen and Patricia Ahearn are two excellent resources.
Things to Consider With Limited Editions:
- Just because a book is a limited edition does not always mean it is rare or collectible or valuable; always pay attention to the number of copies printed as supply can still outstrip demand with limitations.
- Limited editions are designed to be collectible. Owners are far less likely to allow damage or thumbing of their limited editions meaning a larger percentage will be in fine condition even after long periods of time.
- A numbered edition is a limited edition where the total number of copies in the print run is notated on the book. This is usually written as the current number over the total number in the printing (ie: “This book is copy number 54/200”).
- A lettered edition is the same as a numbered edition except with letters. They are nearly always limited to 26 copies and each one is denoted by a different letter of the alphabet. Occasionally lettered editions will be limited to 52 copies (with upper and lower case letters) and sometimes even fewer than 26 copies, although this is rare.
- A publisher may release something called a deluxe edition which contains additional features (extra illustrations, extra stories, etc) but this does not necessarily mean it's limited or collectible. Use due diligence to check if a deluxe edition is not simply a fluffed up hardback with a higher price.
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